MILLING
1. INTRODUCTION
2 PRINCIPLE OF MILLING
3 MILLING METHODS - UP and Down
4. TYPES OF MILLING CUTTERS
5. TYPES OF MILLING MACHINES
6. SIZE OF MILLING MACHINE
7. CUTTING PARAMETERS
8 INDEXING AND DIVIDING HEADS
9 OPERATIONS OF MILLING MACHINE
1. INTRODUCTION
A milling machine is a machine tool that removes metal as the work is fed against a rotating multipoint cutter. The milling cutter rotates at high speed and it removes metal with the help of multiple cutting edges. Milling machine is used for machining flat surfaces, contoured surfaces, surfaces of revolution, external and internal threads, and helical surfaces of various cross-sections. In many applications, due to its higher production rate and accuracy, milling machine has replaced shapers and slotters.
2 PRINCIPLE OF MILLING
In milling machine, the metal is cut by means of a rotating cutter having multiple
cutting edges. The workpiece is fed against the rotary cutter. As the
workpiece moves against the cutting edges of milling cutter, metal is removed in form chips
of trochoid shape. The work to be machined is held in a vice, a rotary table, a three jaw chuck, an index head, between centers, in a special fixture or bolted to machine table. The cutting speed of the cutting tool and the feed rate of the workpiece depend upon the type of material being machined and the tool being used.
3 MILLING METHODS
There are two distinct methods of milling classified as follows:
1. Up-milling or conventional milling, and
2. Down milling or climb milling.
1 UP-Milling or Conventional Milling Procedure
In the up-milling or conventional milling, the metal is removed by a cutter rotating against the direction of travel of the workpiece. In this type of milling, the chip thickness is minimum at the start of the cut and maximum at the end of cut. As a result the cutting force varies from zero to the maximum value per tooth movement of the milling cutter. The major disadvantages of up-milling process are the tendency of cutting force to lift the work from the fixtures and poor surface finish
obtained. But being a safer process, it is commonly used method of milling.
2 Down-Milling or Climb Milling
Down milling is also known as climb milling. In this method,
the metal is removed by a cutter rotating in the same direction of feed of the workpiece. The
effect of this is that the teeth cut downward instead of upwards. Chip thickness is maximum
at the start of the cut and minimum in the end. In this method, there is less friction involved and consequently less heat is generated on the contact surface of the cutter and workpiece. Climb milling can be used advantageously on many kinds of work to increase the number of pieces per sharpening and to produce a better finish. With climb milling, saws cut long thin slots more satisfactorily. Another advantage is that slightly lower power consumption is obtainable by climb milling, since there is no need to drive the table against the cutter.
4. TYPES OF MILLING CUTTERS
(1) Plain milling cutters,
(2) Side milling cutters,
(3) Face milling cutter,
(4) Angle milling cutters,
(5) End milling cutter,
(6) Fly cutter,
(7) T-slot milling cutter,
(8) Formed cutters,
(9) Metal slitting saw,
Milling cutters may have teeth on the periphery or ends only, or on both the periphery
and ends. Peripheral teeth may be straight or parallel to the cutter axis, or they may be
helical, sometimes referred as spiral teeth.
5. TYPES OF MILLING MACHINES
Milling machine rotates the cutter mounted on the arbor of the machine and at the same
time automatically feed the work in the required direction.
According to general design, the distinctive types of milling machines are:
1. Column and knee type milling machines
(a) Hand milling machine
( b ) Horizontal milling machine
(c) Universal milling machine
(d) Vertical milling machine
2. Planer milling machine
3. Fixed-bed type milling machine
(a) Simplex milling machine.
( b ) Duplex milling machine.
(c) Triplex milling machine.
4. Machining center machines
5. Special types of milling machines
(a) Rotary table milling machine.
( b ) Planetary milling machine.
(c) Profiling machine.
(d) Duplicating machine.
(e) Pantograph milling machine.
(f) Continuous milling machine.
( g ) Drum milling machine
(. h ) Profiling and tracer controlled milling machine
Some important types of milling machines are discussed as under.
1 Column and Knee Type Milling Machine
In this type of milling machine the table
is mounted on the knee casting which in turn is mounted on the vertical slides of the main
column. The knee is vertically adjustable on the column so that the table can be moved up
and down to accommodate work of various heights.
The principal parts of a column and knee type milling machine are described as under.
Base
It is a foundation member for all the other parts, which rest upon it. It carries the
column at its one end. In some machines, the base is hollow and serves as a reservoir for
cutting fluid.
Column
The column is the main supporting member mounted vertically on the base. It is box
shaped, heavily ribbed inside and houses all the driving mechanism for the spindle and table
feed. The front vertical face of the column is accurately machined and is provided with
dovetail guideway for supporting the knee.
Knee
The knee is a rigid grey iron casting which slides up and down on the vertical ways of
the column face. An elevating screw mounted on the base is used to adjust the height of the
knee and it also supports the knee. The knee houses the feed mechanism of the table, and
different controls to operate it.
Saddle
The saddle is placed on the top of the knee and it slides on guideways set exactly at 90°
to the column face. The top of the saddle provides guide-ways for the table.
Table
The table rests on ways on the saddle and travels longitudinally. A lead screw under the
table engages a nut on the saddle to move the table horizontally by hand or power. In
universal machines, the table may also be swiveled horizontally. For this purpose the table
is mounted on a circular base. The top of the table is accurately finished and T -slots are
provided for clamping the work and other fixtures on it
Overhanging arm
It is mounted on the top of the column, which extends beyond the column face and serves
as a bearing support for the other end of the arbor.
Front brace
It is an extra support, which is fitted between the knee and the over-arm to ensure
further rigidity to the arbor and the knee.
Spindle
It is situated in the upper part of the column and receives power from the motor through
belts, gears, and clutches and transmit it to the arbor.
Arbor
It is like an extension of the machine spindle on which milling cutters are securely
mounted and rotated. The arbors are made with taper shanks for proper alignment with the
machine spindles having taper holes at their nose. The draw bolt is used for managing for
locking the arbor with the spindle and the whole assembly.
The arbor assembly consists of the following components.
1. Arbor
2. Spindle
3. Spacing collars
4. Bearing bi
5. Cutter
6. Draw bolt
7. Lock nut
8. Key block
9. Set screw
2 Planer Type Milling Machine
It is a heavy duty milling machine. It resembles a planer and like a planning machine
it has a cross rail capable of being raised or lowered carrying the cutters, their heads, and
the saddles, all supported by rigid uprights. There may be a number of independent spindles
carrying cutters on the rail as two heads on the uprights. The use of the machine is limited
to production work only and is considered ultimate in metal re-moving capacity.
3 Special Type Milling Machines
Milling machines of non-conventional design have been developed to suit special purposes.
The features that they have in common are the spindle for rotating the cutter and provision
for moving the tool or the work in different directions.
6. SIZE OF MILLING MACHINE
The size of the column and knee type milling machine is specified by
(1) The dimensions of the working surface of the table, and
(2) Its maximum length of longitudinal, cross and vertical travel of the table.
In addition to above, number of spindle speeds, number of feeds, spindle nose taper,
power available, floor space required and net weight of machine will also be required for
additional specification.
7. Cutting Speed, Feeds and DEPTH OF CUT
The depth of cut in milling is defined as the thickness of the material removed in one
pass of the work under the cutter. Thus it is the perpendicular distance measured between
the original and final surface of the workpiece, and is expressed in mm.
8 INDEXING AND DIVIDING HEADS
Indexing is the operation of dividing the periphery of a piece of work into any number
of equal parts. In cutting spur gear equal spacing of teeth on the gear blank is performed by
indexing. Indexing is accomplished by using a special attachment known as dividing head or
index head as shown in Fig. 24.8. The dividing heads are of three types:
(1) Plain or simple dividing head,
(2) Universal dividing head and
(3) Optical dividing head.
1 Plain or Simple Dividing Head
The plain dividing head comprises a cylindrical spindle housed on a frame, and a base
bolted to the machine table. The index crank is connected to the tail end of the spindle
directly, and the crank and the spindle rotate as one unit. The index plate is mounted on the
spindle and rotates with it. The spindle may be rotated through the desired angle and then
clamped by inserting the clamping lever pin into anyone of the equally spaced holes or slots
cut on the periphery of the index plate. This type of dividing head is used for handling large
number of workpieces, which require a very small number of divisions on the periphery.
1. Swiveling block 2. Live centre
3. Index crank 4. Index plate.
9 OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON MILLING MACHINE
Unlike a lathe, a milling cutter does not give a continuous cut, but begins with a sliding
motion between the cutter and the work. Then follows a crushing movement, and then a
cutting operation by which the chip is removed. Many different kinds of operations can be
performed on a milling machine but a few of the more common operations will now be
explained. These are:
Plain milling or slab milling
It is a method of producing
a plain, flat, horizontal surface parallel to the axis of rotation of the cutter.
Face milling
It is a method of producing a flat
surface at right angles to the axis of the cutter.
Side milling
It is the operation of production of a
flat vertical surface on the side of a work-piece by using a side milling cutter.
Angular milling
It is a method of producing a flat
surface making an angle to the axis of the cutter.
Gang-milling
It is a method of milling by means of
two or more cutters simultaneously having same or different diameters mounted on the arbor
of the milling machine.
Form milling
It is, a method of producing a surface
having an irregular outline.
End milling
It is a method of milling slots, flat surfaces,
and profiles by end mills.
Profile milling
It is the operation of reproduction of an
outline of a template or complex shape of a master die on a workpiece.
Saw milling
It is a method of producing deep slots and
cutting materials into the required length by slitting saws.
T-slot milling
Keyway milling
Gear cutting milling
Helical milling
Flute milling
It is a method of grooving or cutting of flutes on drills, reamers, taps, etc,
Straddle milling
It is a method of milling two sides of a piece of work by employing two side-milling
cutters at the same time.
Thread milling
It is a method of milling threads on dies, screws, worms, etc. both internally and
externally. As an alternative to the screw cutting in a lathe, this method is being more
extensively introduced now a day in modern machine shops.
Define the following terms used in milling operation.
(а) Cutting speed
(b) Feed
(c) Depth of cut
(d) Machining time.
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Updated on 14 March 2020
14 May 2012
