Timber - Wood
Timber is a common name imparted to wood suitable for engineering, construction and building purposes.
Apart from wood, there are a number of other materials used in carpentry shop besides timber. The main materials are dowels, nails, screws, adhesives, paints and varnishes.________________
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Tools
A broad classification of tools used in the wood working or carpentry shop are measuring and marking tools, supporting and holding tools, cutting tools, striking tools and miscellaneous tools.
Work Bench
Every carpenter generally needs a good solid bench or table of rigid construction of hard wood on which he can perform or carry out the carpentry operations. Work bench should be equipped with a vice for holding the work and with slots and holes for keeping the common hand tools.
Carpenter Vice
Carpenter vice is very important tool in wood working shops for holding wooden jobs. There are several varieties of vices, each possessing its own particular merit.
Saws
Saws are wood cutting tools having handle and a thin steel blade with small sharp teeth along the edge. They are utilized to cut wood to different sizes and shapes used for making the wooden joints that hold parts together. They can be further classified into three major types namely hand Saws (Rip, Cross-cut, Panel, Keyhole and, Pad saw), Snuff Saws (Tenon and Dovetail) and Frame Saws (Coping, Bow and Fret).
Rip Saw
The rip saw is used for cutting timber along the grains. The teeth of rip saw are chisel-shaped and are set alternately to the right and left. A 24" long point saw is a good for sawing work. Depending upon whether the saw is designed to rip or cross-cut, the shape of the teeth will also vary. In the case of a ripsaw, the teeth are shaped like chisels.
Planes
A plane is a special tool with a cutting blade for smoothing and removing wood as shavings. It is just like a chisel fixed in a wooden or steel body. The modern plane has been developed from the chisel. They can also be classified as jack plane, smooth plane, jointer plane, trying plane, rabbit plane, circular plane and fore plane.
Jack Plane
Jack plane is most commonly used plane. It comprises of its body about 40 cm long, blade 5-6 cm wide and handle. It is good for rough surfaces that require a heavier chip. It is ideal for obtaining a smooth and flat surface. There are actually forty-six different parts of jack plane, the carpenter needs only acquainted with the working or regulating parts. The main working parts are the cutting blade or plane iron. The adjusting nut is operated to raise or lower the blade and the adjusting lever which regulates the blade so as to make possible an even or slanted cut. The cutting blade of the jack plane is guarded with a metal cap which is adjusted on top of the blade to within about 2.4 mm of the cutting edge. The metal cap of the jack plane eases the cutting action by curling and breaking off the
wood shavings evenly, thus preventing splitting or splintering of the wooden part.
Chisels
A Chisel is a strong sharp edge cutting tool with a sharp bevel edge at one end. Its construction is composed of handle, tang, ferrule, shoulder, and blade. Chisels are generally made up of high carbon steel. They are used to shape and fit parts as required in joint making.
A gouge is a curved chisel. It may be outside or inside ground. Outside ground gouges are called firmer gouges and inside ground gouges are called scribing gouges. The scribing gouges are made long and thin, they are known as paring gouges. Several varieties of chisels are available, each having special characteristics which fit it for its special use.There are two types of construction employed in the making of chisels named as tang and socket types. The tang chisel is made with a ranged or pointed end which pierces into the handle. The socket chisel reverses the process by having the handle fit into the socket collar on the blade.
Boring Tools
Boring is cutting a hole in wood with a tool called a bit. Holes of 6 mm size or larger are bored. Holes of 6 mm size or smaller are drilled. Boring is the first step in making any kind of shaped opening or making holes. The commonly used boring tools bits are discussed as under.
The center bit
The center bits are available in sizes ranging .from 4 mm to 50 mm and are useful for boring holes through thin wood. The screwed center of the improved center bit helps to draw the bit into the wood and therefore requires less pressure to obtain a cutting action.
Striking tools
Mallets and various types of hammers are generally used as striking tools in carpentry shop. A hammer delivers a sharp blow, its steel face being likely to damage the chisel handle whereas
the softer striking surface such as mallet will give better result.
Mallet
A mallet is a short handled wooden hammer with a large head. It is used to strike a chisel for heavy cutting waste wood, from joints such as mortises and halving joints and also for removing unwanted, wood on shaped work etc. Mallet is frequently also used to tap parts of a project together during the assembly process.
Hammers
Warrington, peen and claw hammers are generally used by carpenters.
Pincer
Pincers are commonly used for withdrawing nails. They are made of cast steel, the jaws being hardened. The end of one of the arms is shaped to form a claw for removing nails
Joints
All wooden objects whether doors, windows, furniture, pattern, core boxes, handicrafts, toys, cots, etc., are all assembled with joints. The various common used wood working joints are:
Groove and tongue joint
Mortise and tenon joint
Trap joint
Open or through dove-tail joint
Cross-lap joint
Briddle joint
Carpentry machines
1. Wood Working Lathe
2. Circular Saw
3. Band Saw
Carpentry Machines
ME Mechanical Team
https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/carpentry-machines/
The common types of well recognized timbers available in India are Shisham, Sal, Teak, Deodar, Mango, Mahogany, Kail, Chid, Babul, Fir wood, Walnut and Haldu,. Out of these, Deodar, Chid, Kail, Fir wood and Haldu fall in the categories of softwoods and Shisham, Sal, Teak, Kiker, Mango, Walnut fall in the categories of hardwoods. Some of the other foreign timbers commonly used in India are Ash, Burma, Hickory, Oak and Pine.
https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/carpenters.htm
https://alison.com/course/diploma-in-carpentry-studies-revised
Robot Carpenters
Feb 28, 2018
Researchers at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) have built robots that can build custom carpentry projects with expert skill. Robot's could eventually prove as vital helpers, especially for new hands on the job.
https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/robots/a18925053/the-robot-carpenters-are-coming/
A Manual of Carpentry and Joinery - The Woodworks Library
http://www.woodworkslibrary.com/repository/a_manual_of_carpentry_and_joinery.pdf
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