Ch.22 Groover
Chapter Contents
22.1 Machining and Part Geometry
22.2 Turning and Related Operations
22.2.1 Cutting Conditions in Turning
22.2.2 Operations Related to Turning
22.2.3 The Engine Lathe
22.2.4 Other Lathes and Turning Machines
22.2.5 Boring Machines
22.3 Drilling and Related Operations
22.3.1 Cutting Conditions in Drilling
22.3.2 Operations Related to Drilling
22.3.3 Drill Presses
22.4 Milling
22.4.1 Types of Milling Operations
22.4.2 Cutting Conditions in Milling
22.4.3 Milling Machines
22.5 Machining Centers and Turning Centers
22.6 Other Machining Operations
22.6.1 Shaping and Planing
22.6.2 Broaching
22.6.3 Sawing
22.7 Machining Operations for Special Geometries
22.7.1 Screw Threads
22.7.2 Gears
22.8 High-Speed Machining
Machining has capability to produce a diversity of part geometries and geometric features. Casting can also produce a variety of shapes, but precision and accuracy of machining are more.
22.1 MACHINING AND PART GEOMETRY
Machined parts can be classified as rotational or non-rotational
A rotational work part has a cylindrical or disk-like shape. The characteristic operation that produces
this geometry is one in which a cutting tool removes material from a rotating work part. Examples include turning and boring. Drilling is closely related except that an internal cylindrical shape is created and the tool rotates (rather than the work) in most drilling operations.
A non-rotational work part is a block or a plate or block-like or plate-like with additional features . This geometry is achieved by linear motions of the work part, combined with either rotating or linear tool motions. Operations in this category include milling, shaping, planing, and sawing etc.
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Turning operations on Lathe
(a) Facing. The tool is fed radially into the rotating work on one end to create a flat surface on the end.
(b) Taper turning. the tool is fed at an angle, thus creating a tapered cylinder or conical shape.
(c) Contour turning. Instead of feeding the tool along a straight line parallel to the axis of
rotation as in turning, the tool follows a contour that is other than straight, thus
creating a contoured form in the turned part.
(d) Form turning. The tool has a shape that is imparted to the work by plunging the tool radially into the work.
(e) Chamfering. The cutting edge of the tool is used to cut an angle on the corner of the
cylinder, forming a ‘‘chamfer’’.
(f) Cutoff. The tool is fed radially into the rotating work at some location along its length to cut off the end of the part. Also referred to as parting.
(g) Threading. Creating threads in the cylinder.
(h) Boring. A single-point tool is fed linearly, parallel to the axis of rotation, on the inside
diameter of an existing hole in the part.
(i) Drilling. Drilling can be performed on a lathe by feeding the drill into the rotating work along its axis. Reaming can be performed in a similar way.
(j) Knurling.Instead, it is a metal forming operation used to produce a regular crosshatched pattern in the work surface by pressing the tool against the rotating surface.
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